As the Ukrainians of Russia colonized: the history of wedges in Kuban, in the Volga, in the distant staircase
Ukrainians, in turn, stated that if they are started to be evicted from Siberia to the Dnieper region, it will launch the processes of decolonization, which will destroy the world order, so it is impossible to allow such. The above is not an excerpts of an alternative story written in a crazy story. These are the realities of the Ukrainian diaspora in the Far East of Russia during the national revolution.
The most famous episode of colonization of the Cossacks of the lands of the Moscow kingdom is the history of Sloboda Ukraine, the larger territory of which is now part of the modern Ukrainian state. However, in addition to Slobozhanshchina, in the territory that is now controlled by Moscow, Ukrainians have formed four more multicolored wedges - yellow, gray, crimson and green. The wedges during the Cossacks were called land.
And their colors caused various factors - from natural conditions to dominant resources and symbolism. The oldest is the yellow wedge - colonies of Ukrainians on the Volga region, which began to form since the middle of the XVIII century. The will of Tsar Peter I established a guard line with a center in the city of Tsaritsyn (modern Volgograd), and in 1732 537 Cossack families were moved here.
Everything was very simple - Russian monarchs decided to move the experience of Slobid Ukraine further to the east - in the territory of the former Golden Horde. They began to populate the land tangent to the great steppe, the Cossacks, giving them freedom. The Cossacks had to simply populate the territory and equip them according to their customs. In this way, they formed a living shield against the steppe hordes that could threaten the empire.
When Elton was found on Lake Elton, the Muscovites began to lure in the region and other Ukrainians, which were distinguished by a kind of tradition and organization already in the economic field. It is about the Chumaks who managed to establish the trade in salt with the Crimean Khanate. And this is under constant Tatar raids. Against the background of this, organizing logistics from Elton to Saratov, even despite the danger of attacks by local nomads, was just a matter of equipment.
The imperial authorities gave the chumaks all possible privileges to only encourage them to establish their crafts in the new regions. It should be noted that the Cossacks and Chumaks, that is, Ukrainians, became the first Slavic population on these lands, which were inhabited by the Bulgarians, the Khazars, the Sarmatians and other nomads of the Steppe before the arrival of the Mongol-Tatars.
However, with the "advancement of the empire to the East" (as in Russia, the conquest wars, which the empire waged against the local peoples during the XVII-XVIII centuries) is called the relevance of the Cossacks and Chumaks.
They were suffered by the same fate as the Cossacks, together with the residents of Slobozhanshchyna and the Left Bank - the Russian Empire removed the rights granted and assimilated Ukrainians with local and other colonists who inhabited the territory when it became safer for living. It is interesting that German colonists to the city of Pokrovskaya Sloboda (modern Engels), which became their administrative center, said "Cossacksstadt", that is, "City of Cossacks".
Researcher of local history Yevgeny Bursanidis-Sedletsky states that the first Ukrainian colonists appeared in the Kuban in the seventeenth century and settled among the Nogai hordes. Purposeful colonization of these territories began to occur after the annexation of the Crimean Khanate and the liquidation of Zaporizhzhya Sich at the end of the eighteenth century.
Then the government of the empire decided to use those Cossacks who decided to obey Empress Catherine II for their expansion into the Caucasus. In 1792, the Kuban Cossack army was formed, whose task was the same thing - to populate the most dangerous territories of the border of the empire, closing the welfare of those who settled in the following ranks. The raspberry wedge, unlike all others, was inhabited purposefully and organized within the framework of the project of Kuban Cossacks.
Over time, the former Cossacks were assimilated with other settlers and Cossacks who inhabited the Russian authorities. In the middle of the nineteenth century, when the resistance of the Caucasus autochthonous peoples was finally broken, these lands became safer and everything went on a script in other regions. Hetman Skoropadsky and various UNR governments tried to include Kuban in Ukraine, but the defeat from the Bolsheviks did not allow these plans to be implemented.
Although the Cossacks were able to maintain their identity and the local population often identify themselves with Cossacks (even pointing this word in the "nationality" column), but at the time of the Bolsheviks came to power, they were except for the pale shadow of true Cossacks. The Soviet authorities virtually eliminated this phenomenon, and the revived Cossacks of the late XX century became more a parody of the historical past Kuban.
Local Cossacks even participated in the separatist actions of Russia in the Ukrainian Donbass in 2014. Despite such a degradation of the local Cossacks, the raspberry wedge (Kuban) is the least subjected to assimilation and is still the most Ukrainian region of the modern Russian Federation. The most colorful and exotic episode of the Ukrainian colonization of the lands of the Russian Empire was the history of the green wedge.
For the first time, the Ukrainians came to the Far East as a punishment for disobedience to the king. The first famous exiled to Siberia was Hetman Demian Many -sinner, whom Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich had attached to the Irkutsk Ostrog in the second half of the seventeenth century. A hundred years later, the Haydamaks were sent here to the hard labor, who participated in the uprising of Koliyivshchyna in 1768.
Some historians point out that Khabarovsk - under the name of Khable - founded in 1858 a native of Poltava region Yakov Dyachenko, who then managed the expeditionary battalion. However, the foundation of Trinity settlements (1863), the Middle Zilzyske and Novotroitskoye (1864) became a reliable fact. All this region was in the Russian Empire after the Beijing Covenant in 1860.
It was one of the acts of the so -called "centuries of humiliation" - so in China was called the nineteenth century, during which a number of disadvantageous agreements were imposed on the Chinese Empire, which in fact turned the empire in the colony. Therefore, Beijing perceive Russia's annexation as the use of China's oppressed situation and seek revenge and restoration of territorial justice. This region in modern China is called external Manchuria. In St.
Petersburg, even then, the weakness of their positions in the Far East was understood and in every possible way it was colonized. The hardworking and initiative Ukrainian peasants were one of the first to agree on the conditions of the tsarist government and immediately released from serfdom (1861) on a long journey to the Far East in search of free land. The journey to the Pacific has taken years, so the imperial government was looking for ways to improve logistics.
It was eventually decided to send people to the pad on a steamer. In 1883, the first such flight left Odessa. The steamer traveled through the Black, Red Sea and the Indian and Pacific. However, even such a weird route, which took several months, was still much lighter than the land path. Until 1886, the government has taken on the road. Such generosity was explained by the land crisis, which was present in the western part of the empire after the landowners of peasant reform.
It even ended with the murder of the emperor-reformer terrorists-from the environment of the offended peasantry. Especially the crisis of marriage of agricultural lands was felt in Ukrainian territories, where those who wanted to work on their land were much more than free land. Therefore, the peasants were ready to go in the truest sense to the edge of the world in search of dreamy land. The colonization of the green wedge with the introduction of Stolypin reform was especially accelerated.
Then there were unique circumstances in the Russian Empire when the state even began to encourage private initiative. In a pile with the construction of the Trans -Siberian Highway, it was caused by a displaced boom. In general, hundreds of thousands of Ukrainians moved to the Far XX of Russia. And these were active Ukrainians in both economic and socio-political significance.
Therefore, on the lands of the green wedge began to actively form Ukrainian social organizations, especially after the revolution of 1905, when the Emsky Decree was abolished, which completely forbade the Ukrainian language and any pro-Ukrainian activity. Therefore, before the second revolution of 1917, Ukrainians of the Far East were completely ready.
Ukrainian colonists formed local councils and held four Far Eastern congresses, the essence of which was desired to become a Far Eastern colony of the UNR or the state of Hetman Skoropadsky. It is interesting that in 1918 the Bolsheviks recognized the powers of the Ukrainian representative bodies. However, they did not recognize their Entente countries, which intervention in the region.
The Ukrainians were forced to join the army of the Russian Admiral, a supporter of the restoration of the empire Alexander Kolchak. There, Ukrainians were scattered in different units and gradually destroyed. After their victory, the Bolsheviks conducted all active people in the region. The Ukrainian asset was also destroyed - it should be noted that repression against Ukrainian activists was carried out before the arrival of Stalin.
It is interesting that in the early thirties there was a short period of Ukrainianization, which ended with the final defeat of the Ukrainian movement in the Far East. In addition to the intensification of the colonization of the green wedge, the construction of the Trans -Siberian Highway caused the formation of another cell of Ukrainians in the Urals - a gray wedge, which, however, goes beyond the borders of the modern Russian Federation.
The gray wedge is mainly the settlement of Ukrainians who "did not reach" to the green wedge, going down from the train in the middle of the Kazakh steppe. In fact, the first Ukrainian settlers in this area began to appear in the early years after the peasant reform-in the 1870s. And with the discovery of the Trans -Siberian Highway, and then with the Stolypin reform, the flow of Ukrainians to the region increased significantly.
In the 1920s, the Soviet authorities counted about one million Ukrainians here. Given the Bolsheviks' prejudice in the national issue, we can safely say that these are minimal figures. Ukrainian educational and cultural institutions operated in Kazakh, but most of them did not experience Stalin's terror in the 1930s.
The Russian authorities, which never recognized the existence of the Ukrainian people in our own territory, did not want to recognize any Ukrainian colonies in the territories, which it considered and considered its original. Therefore, the imperial power, in what form it would not exist, tried to suppress Ukrainian activity and erase national identity in every possible way.
The main phase of formation of green wedge and the beginning of the colonization of the gray wedge were carried out in the conditions of the Emsky decree, which in general denied the existence of Ukrainians as a separate nation. At that time, the yellow wedge was practically assimilated, and on the raspberry wedge assimilation of the Kuban Cossacks lasted in full swing.
However, being on a foreign land, which was still very similar to their native land, Ukrainians began to equip it as they were able to. In the conditions of various prohibitions in the humanitarian sphere, the Ukrainian identity has shown itself at a subconscious level in everyday life and organization of economy. The Ukrainians built buttons, bred oxen and reproduced the same way of life that they led at home, because they just couldn't live in a different way.
Thus, the landscapes of the Zaral steppe and the Far Eastern Amuria covered such houses with straw roofs. And according to eyewitnesses, local markets were reminiscent of the Dnieper Basars. The Bolsheviks, who publicly declared the equality of peoples and their right to national identity, were particularly cynical against Ukrainian communities in Russia. They did not neglect neither frank manipulations in the census, nor the direct physical destruction of the most active Ukrainians.
The life of Ukrainians on Siberian land in the work of Tigrolova was painted by writer Ivan Bagriany on his personal experience. The current Russian authoritarian regime moved all the worst elements of Bolshevism. The last murder of Ukrainian activist Anatoly Kril on the Green Veda dates from 2004. In such circumstances, no active pro -Ukrainian movement on the lands that had been compactly inhabited by Ukrainians.